p.13 Very often, a person faces a problem that he does not know how to solve. This may
be due to the absence of an appropriate approach and/or knowledge about existence of a solution and its uniqueness. The
problem solving methodology named TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) frequently can help the engineer
with a hint that allows to limit the multitude of solution attempts and solving approaches, and concentrate only
on those aspects that conduct to promising solutions (Altshuller 1969, 1979a, Savransky 2000).
p.14 Less known is the set of Heuristics selected by Professor A. I. Polovinkin. They
are derived from the best practices of problem solving by engineers and machine designers from the former USSR...
We have decided to reduce the initial set of Polovinkin's Heuristics... in this book we call the reduced set of Polovinkin's
Heuristics as 121H.
p.15 Empirical investigations of several psychologists have confirmed that analogical reasoning is central
to human thinking (Mayer 1992). Analogical problem solving can be defined as a strategy that transfers knowledge from past
problem solutions to a new problem, which presents significant similar aspects with the past problem. Thus, it is
possible to relate the corresponding past experience and employ the transferred knowledge to construct novel solutions for
the specific problems. Using this reasoning strategy, we try to solve a new (target) problem by analogy to a previously solved
similar (source) problem.
p.15 The main purpose of a heuristic is to provide help with solving problems, making it
more efficient by reusing past experience to guide the generation of solutions for new problems.
[JLJ - the heuristics selected below might have an application to a computer game-playing program. Just
replace the word(s) "instruments", "system" or "subsystem" with "game pieces", and "zone" with "region of the board",
etc.]
p.160 3.9. To approach instruments to the operative zone (the place of functions fulfillment by tools) without
movement of other subsystems or the whole system.
p.162 3.10. To place subsystems beforehand so that they could operate from the most convenient place
and without time or energy expenses for their delivery.
p.171 3.14. To take subsystems that can be affected by harmful factors, far from the zone of their
action.
p.174 3.15. To transfer the system or its subsystems to other environment where the harmful factors are
absent or at least inactive.
p.306 7.11. To include in a system a necessary (sub)system or a necessary property and to strengthen
it and/or to improve conditions of its work.
p.322 8.7. To change the harmful factors so that they cease to be harmful.
p.330 8.10. To increase the intensity of technological processes by making an operational working
zone in the shape of a platform or closed volume.
p.332 8.11. To create local quality; to carry out local concentration of forces, pressure, voltage,
etc.
p.334 8.12. To find global-optimum parameters of a technical (sub)system according to various criteria of
development.
