p.470 resilience is still an evolving concept.
p.470 Much of the current research on resilience relevant to ecosystems has broadened to include
multiple fields and moved to a complex adaptive systems (CAS) approach. Complex adaptive systems are composed of
diverse components with localized interactions and a selection process (Levin 1998). Scientists from many fields, interested
in the response of CAS to novel disturbance, define resilience as maintenance of system function when confronted with some
perturbation that exceeds the historical range of variation.
p.471 In any case, scientists clearly must understand ecological processes and how they cohere despite
a range of stressors in order to gain an a priori expectation of ecosystem response to novel disturbances.
Focusing on how basic ecological characteristics and processes respond to novel disturbance will contribute to understanding
how society might develop sustainably
