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Understanding and Solving Environmental Problems in the 21st Century (Costanza, Jorgensen, 2002)
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Toward a New, Integrated Hard Problem Science

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"...for the reader...who wants to investigate the range of approaches used in the study of contemporary environmental problems, it does provide a useful introduction."
-Timothy A. Quine, in THE HOLOCENE, VOL. 15, 2005
 
The aim of this book is to encourage integration of the natural and social sciences with the policy and design-making community, and thereby develop a deeper understanding of complex environmental problems. Its fundamental themes are:

• integrated modeling and assessment

• complex, adaptive, hierarchical systems

• ecosystem services

• science and decision-making

• ecosystem health and human health

• quality of life and the distribution of wealth and resources.

This book will act as a state of the art assessment of integrated environmental science and its relation to real world problem solving. It is aimed not only at the academic community, but also as a sourcebook for managers, policy makers, and the informed public. It deals both with the state of the science and the level of consensus among scientists on key environmental issues.

The concepts underlying this book were developed at the 2nd EcoSummit workshop held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, June, 2000, with active participation from all delegates, and attempts to present their collective view.

p.57 The combination of general systems theory (von Bertalanffy, 1968), thermodynamics of irreversible processes... and systems ecology... have resulted in holistic approaches to the study of ecosystems. It has been found that ecosystems are able to meet changes in external factors with various regulatory processes on individual and whole-system levels. These characteristics result from systemic complexity, which allows selection of developmental directions and self-organization of structure to meet external changes.
 
p.57-58 Among virtually infinite alternatives for development, the one uniquely selected can be inferred to best meet external changes and optimize evolutionary directions. This direction can be described by orientors (Muller and Leupelt, 1998). Bossel (1998) defined these as aspects, notions, properties, or dimensions of systems that can be used as criteria to describe and evaluate a system's developmental stage.
  The central idea of the orienter approach refers to self-organizing processes that are able to build up gradients and macroscopic structures from the microscopic "disorder" of non-structured, homogeneous element distributions in open systems, without receiving directing regulations from the outside.

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