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Organizational Culture as a Source of High Reliability (Weick, 1987)
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California Management Review, Volume XXIX, Number 2, Winter 1987

p.113 Since learning and reliable performance are difficult when trial and error are precluded, this means that reliable performance depends on the development of substitutes for trial and error. Substitutes for trial and error come in the form of imagination, vicarious experiences, stories, simulations, and other symbolic representations of technology and its effects. The accuracy and reasonableness of these representations, as well as the value people place on constructing them, should have a significant effect on the reliability of performance.

  The basic idea is that a system which values stories, storytellers, and storytelling will be more reliable than a system that derogates these substitutes for trial and error.
 
p.114 As noted, to regulate variety, sensors must be as complex as the system which they intend to regulate.