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Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Dreyfus, Rainbow, 1982, 1983)

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Hubert L. Dreyfus, Paul Rainbow

Foucault has some good insight into the nature of discourse, but he is best approached in the form a an interpreted work, such as this one.

Foucault's concept of discursive formations is particularly of interest.

p.45 Maps can be statements if they are used as representations of a geographical area

p.49 At the time he is writing The Archaeology of Knowledge, however, Foucault is exclusively interested in types of serious speech acts, the regularities exhibited by their relations with other speech acts of the same and other types - which he calls discursive formations - and in the gradual and sometimes sudden but always regular transformations such discursive formations undergo.

p.52 An important feature of the serious speech act is that it cannot exist in isolation.

p.76 It is far from obvious, however, that the only remaining possible account of the way some strategies permit or exclude others is that discourses systematically limit each other. Kuhn, for example, offers a different account... For Kuhn the most important type of concrete model, which he calls a paradigm or exemplar, is a concrete piece of research which all practitioners accept as an example of the right way to proceed. Paradigms function directly through the practices of those who have been trained to see, think, and act in terms of them.  As a concrete case, an exemplar or paradigm effectively restricts possible theoretical choices. It limits the possible strategies that can be seriously envisaged, without itself being accessible to theoretical analysis.

[Foucault, The Subject and Power, p.208-226]

p.209 It soon appeared to me that, while the human subject is placed in relations of production and signification, he is equally placed in power relations which are very complex.

p.219 Power exists only when it is put into action, even if, of course, it is integrated into a disparate field of possibilities brought to bear upon permanent structures. [JLJ - Nope, sorry. Power exists only in the minds of sentients who are plotting and scheming, determining (out of the necessity of predicament) how to "go on", amazed and perhaps puzzled by the complexity of the world around them, suffering from a complexity-difficulty gap, and finally out of necessity, coming to believe the results of certain diagnostic tests which indicate the liklihood of certain capacities, both for themselves and other sentients, to coerce, if so desired.]

p.220 In effect, what defines a relationship of power is that it is a mode of action which does not act directly and immediately on others. Instead it acts upon their actions: an action upon an action, on existing actions or on those which may arise in the present or the future.

p.220 In itself the exercise of power is not violence; nor is it a consent which, implicitly, is renewable. It is a total structure of actions brought to bear upon possible actions; it incites, it induces, it seduces, it makes easier or more difficult; in the extreme it constrains or forbids absolutely; it is nevertheless always a way of acting upon an acting subject or acting subjects by virtue of their acting or being capable of action. A set of actions upon other actions.

[Foucault, On the Genealogy of Ethics, p.229-252]

p.229 sex is boring.