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The Intelligence of Democracy (Lindblom, 1965)

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Decision Making Through Mutual Adjustment

Charles E. Lindblom

p.35-36 It is in fact difficult to imagine a decision maker who acts without any regard for the circumstances around him.

p.36 When a decision maker adapts to the circumstances in which he finds himself he adapts both to decisions firmly made in the past, to decisions roughly contemporary with his own, and to expected decisions.

p.36 This most simple form of adjustment we shall define as parametric adjustment. It is adjustment by a decision maker who does not try to control another decision maker, does not defer to the other decision maker, does not allow the possible reactions of the other decision maker to his decision to influence the decision he makes. Whatever adjustment he achieves is due to his accommodating himself to a state of affairs without contemplating what he might do to the other decision maker.

p.40 when X adapts to the existing state of affairs, that state of affairs includes decisions of others just made, decisions that have thrown new problems onto X. Hence X is adapting, not simply to a stabilized past, but to a continuing process of decision making. In that sense, he is adapting to contemporary decisions.

p.45 deferential adjustment is a means whereby X avoids unfavorable consequences for Y

p.52 The third kind of partisan mutual adjustment, calculated adjustment, is defined as follows: In a decision situation, a decision maker X does not seek, as a condition of making his own decision, to induce a response from another decision maker Y, nor does he defer to Y; but he does allow his decision to be influenced by his consideration of Y's preferences.

p.112 to achieve the power necessary for central coordination... the official... practices calculated and deferential adjustment instead of authoritative prescription, or some combination of the adaptive and the manipulative.