p.1 The esteemed professor Russell Ackoff once suggested that true systems
share certain characteristics. You know you’ve got a system if, when you take a piece out of it, that piece
isn’t as valuable as it was when it was in the system, and the system is not as valuable as it was when the
piece was in the system. Furthermore, management in a system focuses on managing interactions rather than actions.
I think a real system displays other key
characteristics, including interrelatedness. A true system is like a mobile. Touch one part and the others respond.
They are tightly connected.
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