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The Origins of Order (Kauffman, 1993)
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The Case for Using Probabilistic Knowledge in a Computer Chess Program (John L. Jerz)
Resilience in Man and Machine

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Stuart Kauffman here presents a brilliant new paradigm for evolutionary biology, one that extends the basic concepts of Darwinian evolution to accommodate recent findings and perspectives from the fields of biology, physics, chemistry and mathematics.
 
The book drives to the heart of the exciting debate on the origins of life and maintenance of order in complex biological systems. It focuses on the concept of self-organization: the spontaneous emergence of order that is widely observed throughout nature. Kauffman argues that self-organization plays an important role in the Darwinian process of natural selection. Yet until now no systematic effort has been made to incorporate the concept of self-organization into evolutionary theory. The construction requirements which permit complex systems to adapt are poorly understood, as is the extent to which selection itself can yield systems able to adapt more successfully. This book explores these themes. It shows how complex systems, contrary to expectations, can spontaneously exhibit stunning degrees of order, and how this order, in turn, is essential for understanding the emergence and development of life on Earth.
 
Topics include the new biotechnology of applied molecular evolution, with its important implications for developing new drugs and vaccines; the balance between order and chaos observed in many naturally occurring systems; new insights concerning the predictive power of statistical mechanics in biology; and other major issues. Indeed, the approaches investigated here may prove to be the new center around which biological science itself will evolve. The work is written for all those interested in the cutting edge of research in the life sciences.

p.11 Darwin's notion of natural selection can be enthroned in God's stead as the creative agency... Selection slips into place as an agency creating order from chaotic variation.
 
p.31 Borrowing a culminating phrase from my colleagues N. Packard and C. Langton, life exists at the edge of chaos.
 
p.33,34 As Jacob pointed out in "Evolution and Tinkering" (1977a; see also Jacob 1983), adaptation typically progresses through small changes involving a local search in the space of possibilities. The paradigm is one of local hill climbing via fitter mutants toward some local or global optimum... In this framework, adaptive evolution in a population is a hill-climbing process... It is intuitive from this description that the behavior of an adapting population depends on how mountainous the fitness landscape is, on how large the population is, and on the mutation rate
 
p.118 Adaptive evolution is a search process - driven by mutation, recombination, and selection - on fixed or deforming fitness landscapes. An adapting population flows over the landscape under these forces. The structure of such landscapes, smooth or rugged, governs the evolvability of populations and the sustained fitness of their members. The structure of fitness landscapes inevitably imposes limitations on adaptive search.

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