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Outline of a Theory of Practice (Bourdieu, 1977)
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Outline of a Theory of Practice is recognized as a major theoretical text on the foundations of anthropology and sociology. Pierre Bourdieu, a distinguished French anthropologist, develops a theory of practice which is simultaneously a critique of the methods and postures of social science and a general account of how human action should be understood. With his central concept of the habitus, the principle which negotiates between objective structures and practices, Bourdieu is able to transcend the dichotomies which have shaped theoretical thinking about the social world.
 
The author draws on his fieldwork in Kabylia (Algeria) to illustrate his theoretical propositions. With detailed study of matrimonial strategies and the role of rite and myth, he analyses the dialectical process of the 'incorporation of structures' and the objectification of habitus, whereby social formations tend to reproduce themselves. A rigorous consistent materialist approach lays the foundations for a theory of symbolic capital and, through analysis of the different modes of domination, a theory of symbolic power.
 
JLJ - If I went around the office talking in this style I would probably be fired. BUT you write this way in a book you are labeled a genius. Go figure. Bourdieu is absorbed by the customs, traditions, rituals, strategic actions or schemes, and stories of the Algerians of his field work. Every so often he creates generalized statements which are "almost truths" or postulates of human behavior which are useful by those seeking insight to the human condition. 

p.9 uncertainty remains as to the outcome of the interaction as long as the sequence has not been completed... This uncertainty, which finds its objective basis in the probabilist logic of social laws, is sufficient to modify not only the experience of practice... but practice itself, in giving an objective foundation to strategies aimed at avoiding the most probable outcome.
 
p.12 In game theory, the good player is the one who always supposes his opponent will discern the best strategy and who directs his own play accordingly
 
p.15 The skilled strategist can turn a capital of provocations received or conflicts suspended, with the potential ripostes, vengeances, or conflicts it contains, into an instrument of power, by reserving the capacity to reopen or cease hostilities in his own good time.
 
p.36 relationships... are the product of strategies (conscious or unconscious) oriented towards the satisfaction of material and symbolic interests
 
p.73 Sartre makes each action a sort of unprecedented confrontation between the subject and the world.
 
p.96 the objects of knowledge are constructed... the principle of this construction is practical activity oriented towards practical functions.
 
p.98 when it is a matter of transmitting all the useful information as quickly as possible, there is no more efficient and convenient way than a linear narrative, which permits the rapid unfolding of the succession of "periods" and "moments"
 
p.106-107 The totalization which the diagram effects by juxtaposing in the simultaneity of a single space the complete series of the temporal oppositions applied successively by different agents at different times, which can never all be mobilized together in practice (because the necessities of existence never require this sort of synoptic apprehension, tending rather to discourage it by their urgency) gives full reign to the theoretical neutralization which the inquiry relationship itself produces. The establishment of a single series thus creates ex nihilo [JLJ - out of nothing] a whole host of relations (of simultaneity, succession, or symmetry, for example) between terms and guide-marks of different levels
 
p.109 Symbolic systems owe their practical coherence, that is, their regularities, and also their irregularities and even incoherences (both equally necessary because inscribed in the logic of their genesis and functioning) to the fact that they are the product of practices which cannot perform their practical functions except insofar as they bring into play, in their practical state, principles which are not only coherent - i.e. capable of engendering intrinsically coherent practices compatible with the objective conditions - but also practical, in the sense of convenient, i.e. immediately mastered and manageable because obeying a "poor" and economical logic.
  One thus has to acknowledge that practice has a logic which is not that of logic
 
p.118 ritual practice owes its practical coherence (which may be reconstituted in the form of a objectified diagram of operations) to the fact that it is the product of a single system of conceptual schemes immanent in practice, organizing not only the perception of objects... but also the production of practices
 
p.123-124 Every successfully socialized agent thus possesses, in their incorporated state, the instruments of an ordering of the world, a system of classifying schemes which organizes all practices, and of which the linguistic schemes... are only one aspect.
 
p.144 The skilled strategist can turn a capital of provocations received or conflicts suspended, with the potential ripostes, vengeances, or conflicts it contains, into an instrument of power, by reserving the capacity to reopen or cease hostilities in his own good time.
 
p.152 The future is already inscribed in the present in the form of omens. Men must decipher these warnings, not in order to submit to them as a destiny... but in order to be able, if necessary, to change them
 
p.184 Economic power lies not in wealth but in the relationship between wealth and a field of economic relations
 
p.235 Bertrand Russell... "Like energy, power has many forms, such as... influence... No one of these can be regarded as subordinate to any other, and there is no one form from which the others are derivative. The successful... will be defective at certain points, unless other forms are taken into account..." (Power: A New Social Analysis (London: Allen and Unwin, 1938), pp.12-13). And he goes on to define the programme for this unified science of social energy: "Power, like energy, must be regarded as continually passing from any one of its forms into any other, and it should be the business of social science to seek the laws of such transformations" (pp.13-14).
 
p.237 If acts of communication... always bear within them a potential conflict, it is because they always contain the possibility of domination. Symbolic violence is that form of domination which, transcending the opposition usually drawn between sense relations and power relations, communication and domination, is only exerted through the communication in which it is disguised.

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