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Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning(Barad,2007)
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Meeting the Universe Halfway is an ambitious book with far-reaching implications for numerous fields in the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. In this volume, Karen Barad, theoretical physicist and feminist theorist, elaborates her theory of agential realism. Offering an account of the world as a whole rather than as composed of separate natural and social realms, agential realism is at once a new epistemology, ontology, and ethics. The starting point for Barad’s analysis is the philosophical framework of quantum physicist Niels Bohr. Barad extends and partially revises Bohr’s philosophical views in light of current scholarship in physics, science studies, and the philosophy of science as well as feminist, poststructuralist, and other critical social theories. In the process, she significantly reworks understandings of space, time, matter, causality, agency, subjectivity, and objectivity.
 
In an agential realist account, the world is made of entanglements of “social” and “natural” agencies, where the distinction between the two emerges out of specific intra-actions. Intra-activity is an inexhaustible dynamism that configures and reconfigures relations of space-time-matter. In explaining intra-activity, Barad reveals questions about how nature and culture interact and change over time to be fundamentally misguided. And she reframes understanding of the nature of scientific and political practices and their “interrelationship.” Thus she pays particular attention to the responsible practice of science, and she emphasizes changes in the understanding of political practices, critically reworking Judith Butler’s influential theory of performativity. Finally, Barad uses agential realism to produce a new interpretation of quantum physics, demonstrating that agential realism is more than a means of reflecting on science; it can be used to actually do science.
 
-JLJ I used to think that I thought too much, until I read Karen Barad's works. Karen, you make the rest of us shallow thinkers in comparison.

p.4 uncertainty is an inherent feature of human thinking
 
p.23 Or perhaps it is less that there is an assemblage of agents than there is an entangled state of agencies.
 
p.33 As I argue in chapter 3, the primary ontological unit is not independent objects with independently determinate boundaries and properties but rather what Bohr terms "phenomena."... phenomena are the ontological inseparability of agentially intra-acting components... phenomena are... basic units of reality.
 
p.33 the notion of intra-action recognizes that distinct agencies do not precede, but rather emerge through, their intra-action. It is important to note that the "distinct" agencies are only distinct in a relational, not an absolute, sense, that is, agencies are only distinct in relation to their mutual entanglement; they don't exist as individual elements.
 
p.37 Realism, then, is not about representations of an independent reality but about the real consequences, interventions, creative possibilities, and responsibilities of intra-acting within and as part of the world.
 
p.41 That which exists is that which we can use to intervene in the world to affect something else
 
p.41 Essence thus becomes the trajectory of stabilization within this geometry that is meant to characterize the variable ontologies of quasi-objects.
 
p.90-91 According to agential realism, knowing, thinking, measuring, theorizing, and observing are material practices of intra-acting within and as part of the world. What do we learn by engaging in such practices? ...we learn about phenomena - about specific material configurations of the world's becoming.
 
p.118 For Bohr, the real issue is one of indeterminacy, not uncertainty... we can't know something definite about something for which there is nothing to know
 
p.120 a condition for objective knowledge is that the referent is a phenomenon (and not an observation-independent object).
 
p.127 the term "physical reality" can properly be attached to phenomena.
 
p.127 the measurement apparatus is the condition of possibility for determinate meaning for the concept in question
 
p.128 Since individually determinate entities do not exist, measurements do not entail an interaction between separate entities; rather, determinate entities emerge from their intra-action. I introduce the term "intra-action" in recognition of their ontological inseparability, in contrast to the usual "interaction," which relies on... the prior existence of separately determinate entities. A phenomenon is a specific intra-action of an "object" and the "measuring agencies"; the object and the measuring agencies emerge from, rather than precede, the intra-action that produces them. Crucially, then, we should understand phenomena not as objects-in-themselves, or as perceived objects... but as specific intra-actions.
 
p.139 As I argued in chapter 3, the primary ontological unit is not independent objects with inherent boundaries and properties but rather phenomena... phenomena are the ontological inseparability/entanglement of intra-acting "agencies."
 
p.140 Phenomena are constitutive of reality. Reality is composed not of things-in-themselves or things-behind-phenomena but of things-in-phenomena. The world is a dynamic process of intra-activity and materialization in the enactment of determinate causal structures
 
p.141 the primary ontological units are not "things" but phenomena - dynamic topological reconfigurings/entanglements/relationalities/(re)articulations of the world... Agency is not an attribute but the ongoing reconfigurings of the world. The universe is agential intra-activity in its becoming. [Seth Lloyd thinks that the universe is a quantum computer that computes itself. Go figure.]
 
p.148 apparatuses are the material conditions of possibility and impossibility of mattering... apparatuses are boundary-making practices.
 
p.149 Knowing is not about seeing from above or outside or even seeing from a prosthetically enhanced human body. Knowing is a matter of intra-acting. Knowing entails specific practices through which the world is differentially articulated and accounted for. In some instances, "nonhumans" (even beings without brains) emerge as partaking in the world's active engagement in practices of knowing.
 
p.154-155 Bohr addresses the question of the boundary between subject and object directly... He explains complementarity by considering two mutually exclusive ways for a person in a dark room to usefully intra-act with a stick or cane: one possibility is for the person to use the stick to negotiate his way around the room by holding the stick firmly in his hands, in which case the stick is properly understood to be part of the "subject," or he can instead choose to hold the stick loosely to sense its features, in which case the stick is the "object" of observation... The stick cannot usefully serve as an instrument of observation if one is intent on observing it.
 
p.170 Matter is a dynamic intra-active becoming that never sits still - an ongoing reconfiguring that exceeds any linear conception of dynamics in which effect follows cause end-on-end, and in which the global is a straightforward emanation outward of the local.
 
p.232 Apparatuses are not mere instruments serving as a system of lenses that magnify and focus our attention on the object world, rather they are laborers that help constitute and are an integral part of the phenomena being investigated. Furthermore, apparatuses do not simply detect differences that are already in place; rather they contribute to the production and reconfiguring of difference. The failure to take proper account of the role of apparatuses in the production of phenomena seriously compromises the objectivity of the investigation.
 
p.235 agency is a matter of intra-acting... Agency is doing/being in its intra-activity. It is the entanglement of iterative changes to particular practices - iterative reconfigurings... of spacetimematter relations - through the dynamics of intra-activity.
 
p.340 In summary, "measurements" are causal intra-actions. They are not mere laboratory contrivances that depend on human beings for their configuration and operation... "Observer" and "observed" are nothing more than two physical systems intra-acting in the marking of the "effect" by the "cause"; no human observers are required (though "humans" may emerge as being part of practices). And objectivity is not defined in reference to a human observer... the objective referent of measured values is phenomena... Objectivity, then, is about being accountable and responsible to what is real.
 
p.367 "Biomimicry says: if it can't be found in nature, there is probably a good reason for its absence. It may have been tried, and long-ago edited out of the population. Natural selection is wisdom in action."

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