p.20 Arousal This term has a variety of applications in physiology and behavioral science.
Roughly speaking, it is an animal's general state of excitability or activation. More specifically it can refer to
the transition from sleep to wakefulness; the level of responsiveness, as indicated by the intensity of stimulation
necessary to elicit reaction (see THRESHOLD CHANGE); the level of activation, as indicated by the kind of behavior
exhibited (for example, relaxed grooming reflects a lower level of arousal than frantic fleeing); physiological indicators
such as heart rate and skin conductance, as measured in lie-detector tests; and attentiveness to sensory stimulation... the
relationships among the variables falling under the rubric of arousal are open to experimental investigation and present an
important empirical matter for students concerned about the physiological bases and motivation of animal behavior.
p.22 Attention The direction of an animal's interest or concern at any moment. An animal
cannot attend equally to all of the stimulation its sensory systems are subject to at any one time; it must selectively attend
to whatever is salient. Such salience can result from the filtering of stimuli; from... arousal caused, for example, by a
sudden encounter with novel stimulation (orienting response).
p.208 Orientation The ability of organisms to direct their body position and locomotion
with respect to the locations of objects and forces in the environment. Orientation depends on sensory capacity, and different
kinds of orientation are distinguished according to the sensory modality involved. An oriented movement is called a taxis
