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Gestalt and Sign-Gestalt (Tolman, 1933)
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The Case for Using Probabilistic Knowledge in a Computer Chess Program (John L. Jerz)
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In: Behavior and Psychological Man

p.78 it will be asserted that an organism does not even just perceive, rather it always goes still further and "propositionalizes."
 
p.80 Discriminanda is my name for those properties of objects wherein, in purely sensory fashion, such objects differ from another. [JLJ - sense qualities]
 
p.81 Discriminanda expectations, on the other hand, are the cognitive sets or determinants aroused in the individual organism on the given occasion. [JLJ - resultant sensations]
 
p.82 By manipulanda I would understand those properties of objects which actually support (i.e., make possible) motor manipulations.
 
p.83 Manipulanda expectations, like discriminanda expectations, are sets or preparations aroused in the organism, which may or may not be confirmed and supported by the actual entities truly present then and there in the environment.
 
p.85-86 By means-end relations I wish to designate those interrelational properties between environmental objects, whereby the "enjoyment of" (i.e., the "commerce with") the discriminanda and manipulanda constitutive of one such object will (or will not) actually lead on to an immediate possibility of "enjoyment of" (commerce with) the discriminanda and manipulanda of such and such other environmental objects.
 
p.86 An organism immersed in his environment comes into contact at a given moment with a certain group of stimuli... The environment as so envisaged is thus naught but a very field or tissue of means-end relations. It is a means-end field in which the various component objects and situations appear ineluctably in their roles of possible, or impossible, good, or bad, better or worse, means to, or from, such and such other objects or situations.

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